The primary functions of articular cartilage (covering of the bone) are to distribute forces to the bone and provide a low friction surface for the joint.

Arthroscopic treatment of meniscal injuries is one of the most common orthopedic surgical procedures. Although our knowledge and understanding of the anatomy) function, and treatment of meniscal pathology has evolved, meniscal tears continue to cause significant symptoms and long-term impairment of the knee.

The posterior cruciate ligament, the largest and strongest ligament in the knee, prevents posterior displacement of the tibia on the femur.

Five Phase rehabilitation program for Torn ACL Ligaments.

The incidence of ACL injuries has increased dramatically over the last 2 decades. More than 200,000 new ACL injuries occur in the United States annually. These injuries are important because of the extent of disability associated with ACL tears.

Anterior knee pain in the athlete can be a difficult problem for the sports medicine physician given the numerous causes and refractory nature.

Chondromalacia is a descriptive term, which literally means softening of cartilage.

The treatment of ACL injuries should be tailored to the individual patient. Risk factors that may be used to determine treatment include age, activity level, willingness to modify activities, laxity of the joint, number of giving way episodes, and presence of associated ligament, articular cartilage, or meniscal injuries.

Injuries to the knee are very common. The anatomy of the knee has been studied extensively. This section will attempt to cover major aspects of knee anatomy.

Post Surgical Rehabilitation Protocol, Type Two - Rotator Cuff Repair (Deltoid Splitting), Medium to Large Tear - Greater than 1 cm and Less than 5 c.

Cuff tear arthropathy is a term which is used to describe the changes which occur in patients who have suffered a large tear of the rotator cuff which has gone untreated. In many of these patients, repeated corticosteroid injections have been given over the years. They may have been told repeatedly that they simply had bursitis and no further evaluation may have been given.

The shape of the acromion can be seen on a specific X-ray view known as an outlet view. The acromion has been described as having three general confirmations: (Type I) flat, (Type II) curved, (Type III) hooked.

The patient with multidirectional instability usually has a large element of inferior (downward) instability in addition to anterior or posterior instability. Many of these patients have generalized laxity of their joints. Often, they have complaints involving both shoulders.